The chart Andrew Stiles referred to Friday (from an earlier post by Veronique de Rugy) shows only the start of how counterproductive it is to increase taxes on the wealthy. As a result of lower tax rates on the top income earners, not only do they pay a much larger share of all taxes, but they pay much more taxes total — and revenue to the government has increased. This is because lowering taxes on the rich creates more rich people and richer rich people. The federal government gets much more revenue if you impose a 40 percent tax on a large number of very wealthy millionaires than if you impose a 70 percent tax on a small number of less wealthy millionaires.
Every tax has a “revenue-maximizing” point well short of 100 percent. If a tax is set higher than its “revenue-maximizing” point, overall tax revenue to the government will decrease. This is the basic theory behind the Laffer Curve, which states that when taxes are zero percent, revenue to the government is (obviously) zero, but when taxes are 100 percent, revenue to the government is also zero, because by taxing all the income of a particular group of people, you kill all economic activity in that group, so you’re left with nothing to tax. Between those two extremes is a curve whereby revenue to the government rises as you increase taxes from zero percent, but begins to fall as you approach 100 percent taxation — that’s the Laffer Curve.
Arthur Laffer and Ford Scudder explore this phenomenon at length in their brilliant series The Onslaught from the Left. In keeping with what Veronique pointed out, they write, in Part II of the series:
In the year Ronald Reagan took office (1981) the top 1% of income earners as reflected by the Adjusted Gross Income of all tax filers paid 17.58 % of all federal income taxes. Twenty-five years later, in 2005 the top 1% paid 39.8% of all income taxes, representing a greater than doubling of the share of tax payments made by this group.
But even more to the point, from 1981 to 2005 the income taxes paid by the top 1% rose from 1.59% of GDP to 2.96% of GDP. In addition to the huge rise in the percent of GDP paid in income taxes by the top 1% of income earners and the more than doubling of the share of taxes paid by this group was the huge absolute increase in real taxes (2005 dollars using the GDP price deflator [in other words, adjusting for inflation - ML]) from 1981 through 2005. In 1981 total tax payments from from the richest 1% were $98.84 billion, while in 2005 the top 1% paid $368.13 billion in taxes; that’s a 288% increase in 25 years. In rough numbers, that means that each of the richest 1% of filers in 1981 paid a little over $100,000 in 2005 dollars, while in 2005 each filer on average paid over $288,000. And remember that’s inflation-adjusted dollars.”
This astonishing statistic is explained by a simple fact. As a result of reducing taxes on the rich, the rich got much richer — so much so that they wound up paying nearly four times as much total tax (and nearly three times as much tax per rich person) as when taxes were higher.
This also reveals the truth behind the increased income inequality that liberals love to cite as their chief evidence against supply-side economics. In fact, as Laffer explains in Part I of the Onslaught from the Left series, the poor have gotten richer — just not as quickly as the rich have. “The increasingly unequal distribution of income during the era of supply-side economics has resulted from the poor increasing their income at a rate that has not kept pace with the phenomenal gains in income the rich have experienced — not from the poor getting poorer.” He goes on to show that in fact, lower taxes rates have led both to higher income among the bottom 50 percent of income earners and lower total taxes paid by that group.
Most important of all, of course, is the fact that when the rich get richer, they invest more money in the economy, thereby stimulating economic growth. Democrats generally can’t stomach the rich getting richer, even when it means everyone is better off. But you’d think they would at least propose tax policy that increases government revenue. Alas, they so want to punish the rich that they are even willing to lower government revenue in the process.
— Mario Loyola is director of the Center for Tenth Amendment Studies at the Texas Public Policy Foundation, the new of the Laffer Center for Supply-Side Economics.
I would like to see a poll taken of only liberal respondents, asking them which of the following two worlds they prefer. World A: There is a large discrepancy of wealth, but everyone is more wealthy than in World B. World B: There is less discrepancy of wealth but everyone is less wealthy than in World A. In other words, on a one-to-one matching basis everyone in World A has greater resources to feed, house, educate, care for their families than in World B. It would be interesting to see the response. A logical person would choose World A because everyone is better off than if they lived in World B, but I am not sure that liberals would see it that way. They might say that the very fact of a greater inequality of wealth leads to some inferior social well-being for at least part of the citizenry.
I understand that I am not positing two alternative views of the world we live in today. I just want to better understand the worldview of liberals.
Reply to this commentLinkReport AbuseNothing Democrats have done to fix the economy worked as well as they promised it would - or at all - so there's no reason to believe their "soaking the rich" idea will fare any better. I'm no economist, but it seems likely that increased taxes on the wealthy - particularly those who employ us and provide to us the products and services we buy - will have a trickle down effect that will be more damaging to middle and lower income Americans than the tax increase will be helpful to the economy.
Reply to this commentLinkReport Abuse>"The federal government gets much more revenue if you impose a 40 percent tax on a large number of very wealthy millionaires than if you impose a 70 percent tax on a small number of less wealthy millionaires."
Assuming that this is the case, why should people on the right WANT the government to get much more revenue?
Reply to this commentLinkReport AbuseBecause everyone, including the government, is better off. Did you not bother to actually comprehend the article?
Reply to this commentLinkReport Abuse@flenser. The Dems will spend the money whether the treasury has the funds or not so at least the economy grows with a lower tax rate and with that, there theoretically would be a smaller deficit. But in a way, you are correct about the problems of larger revenues to the government given that the Dems spend about $2 for every $1 that comes in (although it may be more now).
Reply to this commentLinkReport Abuseto get out of debt.
Reply to this commentLinkReport AbusePeople of any political denomination might want maximum economic growth for all Americans, since its good for rich and poor alike.
(Arguably, this is the last thing the class-warfare part of the political spectrum wants, but that's a separate issue).
Anyway, if a side-effect of this type of economic growth happens to be more revenue flowing into the Federal gov't, that's OK. Its not the intended effect, but it happens to be a potentially useful side-effect.
Put differently, the Federal gov't "should" take in maximum revenues when the economy is at its maximum output, and that's something desirable.
The question isn't why some group wants this to happen, the question is why does our gov't enact and defend economic policy to ensure that it does NOT happen?
Reply to this commentLinkReport AbuseI think it gets back to that whole "government is a necessary evil" thing.
Reply to this commentLinkReport AbuseBecause they are paying less % individually - they don't care how much revenue the gov makes because they are busy working growing their own wealth
Reply to this commentLinkReport AbuseThat is all well and good, but we have a huge deficit at the moment.
Would it be so onerous to go back to Clinton era tax rates, which featured a balanced budget?
Avraam Jack Dectis
Reply to this commentLinkReport Abuse@avraam jack dectis: Would it be so onerous to also go back to Clinton era spending levels, which would *ENSURE* a balanced budget?
I recall no NYT muck-raking articles detailing privation and starving in the streets during the Clinton Administration.
Reply to this commentLinkReport Abuse"when taxes are 100 percent, revenue to the government is also zero, because by taxing all the income of a particular group of people, you kill all economic activity in that group, so you’re left with nothing to tax."
One important caveat to this - *if* they are free to either move out or find another way to produce their income. If they *aren't* free, then they'll darn well make however much the state tells them they'll make. The Laffer Curve (and other such notions) only works fully when there is freedom in the equation. Which is why communist countries turn into such hell-holes in a short time - they begin rapidly stripping away freedom to force the producers to produce.
Reply to this commentLinkReport AbuseI should clarify:
Reply to this commentLinkReport AbuseEventually the top producers in a non-free society stop producing, as well. They just don't get to opt out right away.
There's a microcosmic example of the problem with higher tax rates for higher earnings.
Once, long ago in the 1970s, I worked by the hour in a shop in Michigan. Straight time for hours 0-40. Time-and-a-half for the next 10 hours. Double time for the next 10 hours after that. The problem was in how these rates were taxed. We noticed that after putting in a certain number of overtime hours, it became pointless to do more because you'd lose the money to withheld income taxes; you'd be essentially working for free or next to it. At my hourly wage, the cut-off was about 54 hours in a week.
In other words, there was an unintentional cap placed on our productivity by the government.
Reply to this commentLinkReport AbuseCenter for Tenth Amendment Studies
Laffer Center for Supply-Side Economics
LOL
Why can't NRO get a credentialed economist to write for them? They keep going to the crazy pool. The reason is because no one serious can say such nonsense.
There are conservative economists out there like Greg Mankiw. But they are serious people. Not quacks who think the marginal tax rate on the rich should be zero and the poor should fend for themselves on the streets.
Reply to this commentLinkReport AbuseRegarding income inequality: wages for adults, in constant 2008 dollars, have consistently declined or remained the same, depending on education level, for the past thirty years. This is well-established, despite the fact that among married couples with children, each household worked an average of four hundred additional hours annually in 2000 than they did in 1979.
To be fair, non-cash benefits such as health insurance, retirement pensions, and government benefits are also important resources for many lower- and middle-income Americans.
When income is adjusted to reflect these benefits it is correct that all income levels have seen increases over the same period. The lowest fifth in the income distribution saw an income increase of eleven percent, the second-lowest fifth saw an eighteen percent rise in income, the middle saw a twenty-one percent rise, and the fourth fifth saw an income increase of thirty-two percent. The top one percent of earners saw an income increase nearing 260 percent.
As illustrated in the above article, the tax rates on the very wealthy have fallen dramatically, the wealthy are paying a much lower proportion of their income in taxes than they did thirty years ago. One result is that the wealthy have been able to acquire a larger share of national income. When income from investments and dividends is included, that is, income from capital gains, the share of national income earned by the top one percent of wealthy Americans has increased from nine percent in 1974 to more than twenty-three percent in 2007.
In short, the wealthy are paying a larger share of the nation's income tax because they are earning so much more than most Americans. As a percentage of actual income, middle class Americans contribute more of their own money than wealthy Americans.
That's fine, its great that a few Americans are making vast sums of money. But I don't see at all how increased wealth among the wealthy has led to higher income for the rest of Americans. Income has declined, the only increases are the result of government benefits and the higher costs of health benefits paid by employers.
Reply to this commentLinkReport AbuseThough they may wish to punish the wealthy by higher tax rates, it is my belief that the tax rate that the democrats prefer is based more on putting more control of the economy into the hands of government than it is about punishing a class.
Higher tax rates may, and usually do, result in less revenue do to the effect they have on economic activity but they offer the politician the advantage of offering selected groups exemptions from those high rates in return for their engaging in activities that the politician wishes to see done. The higher the rates, the more onerous can be the conditions which will merit a exemption.
That is power which can be and is wielded to warp the private economy to the desires of the most powerful of the political class. Besides which it is not the "wealthy" who are most hurt by high income tax rates but those in the upper middle class which used to be known by the appellation of bourgeois, the small businessman. Now they are ones who can be seen as a class which those on the left have always desired to punish.
Reply to this commentLinkReport AbusePutting more power and control in the hands of government is indeed the goal of all Statists, regardless of the ideological flag they fly.
When it comes to exerting power and control, the rich are the least of the Statists' problems. The rich are easily controlled because their wealth inside the borders of the nation tether them to a degree. Their generally friendly associations with those in political power makes the task of co-opting them into acquiescence or outright collaboration fairly straightforward.
The great mass of the poor are a danger if they resort to violence en masse, but can assuaged with the classic approach of providing bread and circus. When the franchise is allowed, the poor, properly manipulated, can be relied upon as a secure voting bloc, often resistant to reason, susceptible to populist rhetoric.
The existential threat to Statists are the middle class, the bourgeoisie, the small business folk. These people are frequently more self-reliant, less politically connected, and resistant to the Faustian bargain of corporatism.
It should come as no surprise that the hereditary nobility of Europe were hostile and dismissive toward independent small business folk, often considered outlaws in the middle ages. That attitude persists among the "old money" upper classes to this day. The most sincere expression of the mindset of Statists toward the middle class was offered by V.I. Lenin: "The way to crush the bourgeoisie is to grind them between the millstones of taxation and inflation."
Reply to this commentLinkReport AbuseMy apologies for the long post. I'm not trying to be argumentative as much as I am really trying to figure this out.
I do not believe in soaking the rich. It just seems that policies that strongly favor the rich are just as unsustainable.
The level of income inequality on the eve of the 2008 financial crisis perfectly matched the previous peak of income inequality reached just prior to the Great Depression. The top ten percent of earners in the United States received 49.29 percent of total income in 1928. This feat did not occur again until 2007, when the top ten percent earned nearly the same percentage: 49.74 percent.
In 1928, the top one percent received 23.94 percent of income. Again, this was not repeated until 2007, when that same demographic received a comparable percentage of 23.5 percent of income.
The information in my comments is the result a variety of sources that I have read over recent years. But here are a few links that contain much of this information:
External Link
External Link
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External Link
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Reply to this commentLinkReport AbuseThis chart has been floating around and trumpeted by the left alot recently.
External Link
Basically it claims GDP growth has been highest when the top rate has been highest.
Would love to read a good rebuttal.
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