2025—In Perdomo v. Noem, federal district judge Maame Ewusi-Mensah Frimpong (Central District of California) enjoins federal immigration officials from ever treating these four factors, alone or in combination, as sufficient to form reasonable suspicion that a person is an illegal alien subject to an investigative stop: apparent race or ethnicity; speaking in Spanish or accented English; presence at a location where illegal aliens are known to gather; and type of work.
Two months later, the Supreme Court, over the dissent of its three liberal justices, will grant the Trump administration’s application for a stay of Judge Frimpong’s order.