poetry of state was centralized in the drama of king-ship, the intellect of the kingdom was concentrated in the royal ministries. This massing of bureaucratic brainpower was meant to facilitate progress through the rational direction of affairs; and the royal mandarins, charged with refining the principles of the Bourbon solar system, strove to reduce France to the geometrical order of a garden at Versailles.
A great deal that is valuable in the modern “market-state,” as Bobbitt calls it, was implicit in the legislation enacted by the Whigs after the Revolution of 1688. The Bill of Rights (1689) secured the “rights and liberties of the subject”; the Toleration Act (1689) protected certain categories of religious dissent; the Triennial Act (1694) required the “frequent meeting and calling of Parliaments”; the decision not to renew the Licensing Act emancipated the press. To the early years of the Whig regime may be traced, too, a number of innovations in the infrastructure of the capital markets, among them the creation in 1694 of the Bank of England—which gave England




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