Andy: The growth of radical Islam in Turkey isn’t that surprising, since radical Islam is part of the response of traditional Islamic societies to the challenge of modernity. What happened in Turkey with Ataturk was “premature anti-Islamism,” with public expression of religion suppressed from the top, but as successful as it was for a time, it was an elite phenomenon, since only the elite really experienced the incompatibility of traditional Islam with modernity (mainly through centuries of military defeat at the hands of the Europeans). But with the movement of millions of peasants to the cities over the past couple generations, the mass of society is experiencing for the first time the conflict between Islam and modernity. Much more advanced in this regard is Iran, where (as I predicted several years ago) the lesson that the historical faith of Islam can’t work in a modern society has been burned into to the people’s flesh, ensuring that with the fall of the Islamic regime there will be mass apostasy (with people converting to Bahai, Christianity — even Zoroastrianism, which Daniel Pipes tells me is already happening) leading to the invention of a new religion carrying the name “Islam,” one more compatible with modernity.